Cells

 Cells are the basic building blocks of life. Every part of a horse’s body—muscles, bones, organs, skin, blood—is made up of cells. Each cell is surrounded by a membrane, contains genetic material (DNA), and has specialized structures (organelles) that perform key functions.

 Muscle cells: Provide movement and strength. Horses have large, powerful muscle cells that allow them to run, jump, and carry loads.
 

Nerve cells (neurons): Transmit electrical signals, controlling movement, senses, and coordination.
 

Blood cells:
 

• Red blood cells carry oxygen using hemoglobin.
   
• White blood cells fight infections.
   
• Platelets help clot wounds.
   

Bone cells: Build, repair, and maintain the skeleton that supports the horse’s body.
 

Skin cells: Protect against injury, parasites, and dehydration.
 

Reproductive cells: Eggs and sperm for reproduction.

Energy production: Mitochondria in cells convert nutrients (from hay, grass, grain) into usable energy.
 

Repair and growth: Cells divide to replace worn-out or damaged tissues—vital for healing after injury.
 

Communication: Hormones and nerve signals allow cells to coordinate (for example, muscle contraction during galloping).
 

Defense: Immune cells protect horses from bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
 

Specialization: Cells adapt to their roles—for example, hoof cells are tough and keratinized to support weight and protect the foot.
 

 Because horses are large, active animals, their cells are adapted to support:

• High oxygen demand (large red blood cell reserves help during exercise).
   
• Fast muscle recovery (muscle cells with many mitochondria).
   
• Strong structural support (dense bone and hoof cells)..